Exam 3 study guide

PART ONE – VOCABULARY –

A.     Directions:  Write the meaning and a word example for each root

PART TWO – RECALL MATERIAL

B.     Test – taking strategies

C.     Answer inference questions

PART THREE – APPLICATION OF MATERIAL (20 points total)

Directions:  The following reading excerpt is  from a textbook . Assume your professor has asked you to read the selection for a test. First do ‘A’,  and then after you complete the reading and your annotation  do B, C, and D:

A. Preview the material using the pre-reading phase strategies discussed in class. Raise 3 questions for each section based on your preview.

B. Answers to pre-reading questions (A. above)

C. Answer questions about the reading

D. Write a summary of the reading

E. Fill in the Cornel notes for the above reading

F. Write a paragraph about how you could be inspired after what you read in Big Magic

Extra credit due May 31st

Extra credit: On two of the readings you have done for class, prepare a two-minute speech to explain each. 10 points

Project 8 due June 2

Project 8

Find three articles on the subject of “leading a healthy life.” Print each article, then annotate each.

Type a 6-8 sentence summary of each of the three.

(Type)Then make a test for each: for one article, make a 10-item true or false test; for another article make a five item multiple choice test; for a third article, make an 8-item short answer test.

 

Project 7 due May 26

Go to inferences on-line textbook:

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0205734367_ch10.pdf

Print Literature: Short Story Selection 3 -- Read it, annotate it, and do all exercises that follow.

Bring the printed pages to class as your Project 7

HW for May 17

HW: 1. Find a short article that is an opinion.  Print it, read it, and annotate it. Write five words which have a slanted meaning and tell what they mean.

HW: Go to this link and write answers to Exercises 1 and 2

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0205734367_ch10.pdf

Figurative Language

Defining Figurative Language

Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative language, in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point.

Figurative language is very common in poetry, but is also used in prose and nonfiction writing as well.

There are many different types of figurative language. For example, it often includes the use of a specific type of word or word meaning:

• Metaphor: A metaphor is a comparison made between things which are essentially not alike. One example of a metaphor would be to say, “Nobody invites Edward to parties because he is a wet blanket.”
• Simile: A simile is like a metaphor and often uses the words like or as. One example of a simile would be to say, “Jamie runs as fast as the wind.”
• Personification: When something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as personification. An example of personification would be to say, “The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon.”
• Hyperbole: Exaggerating, often in a humorous way, to make a particular point is known as hyperbole. One of example of hyperbole would be to say, “My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we were having for dessert.”
• Symbolism: Symbolism occurs when a noun which has meaning in itself is used to represent something entirely different. One example of symbolism would be to use an image of the American flag to represent patriotism and a love for one’s country.

In addition to various types of words relating to the word's meaning, figurative language also includes unusual constructions or combinations of words that provide a new perspective on the word. For example:

• Onomatopoeia: When you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it, this is known as onomatopoeia. One example of onomatopoeia would be to say, “The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed.”
• Idiom: An idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only known through common use. One example of an idiom would be to say, “I’m just waiting for him to kick the bucket.” Many idioms that are frequently used are also considered clichés.
• Synecdoche: A synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word or words that are a part to represent a whole. For example, referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche.
• Cliché: A cliché is a phrase that is often repeated and has become kind of meaningless. An example of a cliché is the expression "walk a mile in my shoes."
• Assonance: When you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase is it assonance. For example, "True, I do like Sue."
• Metonymy: A metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced with a word that is closely associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States government.

 

Inferences

An inference is an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and reasoning. An inference is an educated guess. We learn about some things by experiencing them first-hand, but we gain other knowledge by inference — the process of inferring things based on what is already known.

Look at this example:

A man is walking a dog in a park. Another man approaches him and asks, “Does your dog bite?”

The man with the dog responds: “No, my dog does not bite.”

Suddenly the dog starts biting the other man’s ankle.

“I thought you said your dog does not bite,” the bitten man says, angrily.

What can you infer?

Practice:

Directions: Circle the letter next to the passage that best shows inference for the passage.

 

In cities throughout the country, there is a new direction in local campaign coverage. Frequently in local elections, journalists are not giving voters enough information to understand the issues and evaluate the candidates. The local news media devotes too much time to scandal and not enough time to policy.

1. This paragraph best supports the statement that the local news media
1. is not doing an adequate job when it comes to covering local campaigns.
2. does not understand either campaign issues or politics.
3. should learn how to cover politics by watching the national news media.
4. has no interest in covering stories about local political events.

 

The use of desktop computer equipment and software to create high-quality documents such as newsletters, business cards, letterhead, and brochures is called Desktop Publishing, or DTP. The most important part of any DTP project is planning. Before you begin, you should know your intended audience, the message you want to communicate, and what form your message will take.

 

2. The paragraph best supports the statement that
1. Desktop Publishing is one way to become acquainted with a new business audience.
2. computer software is continually being refined to produce high-quality printing.
3. the first stage of any proposed DTP project should be organization and design.
4. the planning stage of any DTP project should include talking with the intended audience.

 

The entire low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet argument is so prevalent that one would think that these are the only two options available for losing weight and staying healthy. Some experts even feel that the low-carb/low-fat debate distracts us from an even more important issue—our culture's reliance on processed and manufactured foods.

 

3. The paragraph best supports the statement that
1. experts state that not all fats are equal, so we need not reduce our intake of all fats; just those that contain partially hydrogenated oils.
2. important health concerns get overlooked when we focus exclusively on the low-fat versus low-carb question.
3. low-carbohydrate diets lead to significant and sustained weight loss.
4. processed foods can lead to many adverse health problems including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.

Project 6 due May 19

Go to inferences on-line textbook:

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0205734367_ch10.pdf

Print Literature: Short Story Selection 1 -- Read it, annotate it, and do all exercises that follow.

Bring the printed pages to class as your Project 6

 

Cornell notetaking sample

Project 5 due May 12

Project Five                                                    Due ______________

For this project you will use pages 267-273 of Big Magic:

1.       In your book, or photocopied on pages, annotate pages 267 – 273.

2.       On a separate paper:

a.       Type a 3-4 sentence paragraph which explains one pattern of organization on the pages and why it is that particular pattern.

b.      On the same paper, type a 4-5 sentence summary for each of the chapters in pages 268-273.

c.       On the same paper, type one fact and one opinion and explain the reason one is fact and the other is opinion.

3.       Write two pages of Cornell Notes for pages 267-273

4.       Write four possible quiz questions for pages 267-273

HW for May 10: Cornell note-taking

1. Review Cornell notes at this site:
https://shp.utmb.edu/asa/Forms/cornell%20note%20taking%20system.pdf

2. Take Cornell Notes for pages 229 - 232

HW for May 5

HW: Print an article that has both fact and opinion. Annotate. Point out the presence of fact and opinion.

fact and opinion

It’s a fact if you can measure it and prove it.

 

FACT OR OPINION OR BOTH (F, O, FO)

 

___ The earth revolves around the sun

___ The new English textbook is garbage.

___ It was a great year in 1865 when the North won the Civil war.

___ Some bee stings can kill some people.

___ The hurricane had 140 mph winds.

___ The hapless mayor can’t even tie his shoe!

 

Directions: Label the following statements F for fact, O for opinion, or B for a blend of both.

1. The core of the earth has a temperature of nearly 5,000 degrees centigrade. _____

2. The Iditarod, Alaska’s famous sled race, dates back to 1925. _____

3. In 1969, Apollo 11 landed on the moon. _____

4. Edward James Olmos is more than an extraordinary actor; he is also a dedicated political activist. _____

5.  Thomas Edison’s second patented invention, a stock market ticker, sold for $40,000 in 1869. _____

7. In 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt defeated his Republican opponent, Wendell Wilkie. _____

 

Patterns of Development

Patterns of Development

Below is a list of the various patterns of development most frequently found in expository writing.  Included are explanations and possible topics for each method of development.

 

Narration:  A narrative paragraph/essay tells a story of an event or an experience.  The story told, however, must have some point that is meaningful to the reader or target audience.  That is, it must have purpose.

 

Ø       A childhood memory

Ø       A day you’ll never forget

Ø       An event that helped you learn a lesson

Ø       A funny school or work story

Ø       An embarrassing experience

Ø       A frightening experience

 

 

 

 

 

Description:  A descriptive paragraph/essay uses sensory images (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing) to help a reader or target audience experience what the writer has experienced.  As with all other patterns, a descriptive essay must have a point or purpose.  Description is often paired with the narrative because a good narrative contains description of sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and even emotions.

  

Ø       A kitchen

Ø       An elderly relative

Ø       A hard-working student

Ø       An outstanding athlete

Ø       A loyal friend

Ø       A gossipy neighbor

Ø       A rude salesperson

Ø       The dinner hour at my house

Ø       Lunchtime in a cafeteria

Ø       A midnight raid on the refrigerator

Ø       Getting ready to go out on a Friday night

Ø       My Sunday morning routine

Ø       A large department store

Ø       A sports stadium

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Process Analysis: A process analysis explains to a reader how to do something or how something works.

 

Ø       How to make a favorite dish

Ø       How to throw the perfect free-throw

Ø       How to meet the man (woman) of your dreams

Ø       How to change a tire

Ø       How a camera works

Ø       How a computer works

 

 

 

 

 

Comparison/Contrast: A comparison/contrast paragraph/essay generally focuses on similarities or differences but not usually both. 

 

Compare or contrast:

Ø       High school teachers and college teachers

Ø       Working for someone else and being your own boss

Ø       Being married and dating

Ø       Raising boys and raising girls

Ø       Cooking dinner at home versus dining out

Ø       A sports figure’s public image, versus his or her private personality

Ø       A politician’s promises before an election with those after an election

Ø       Attitudes toward smoking twenty years ago and those of today

Ø       An actor or musician on stage with the same actor offstage

Ø       Traditional portrayal of American Indians (in old films, for example) with portrayals today

Ø       Two attitudes toward religion

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Causal Analysis: A causal analysis paragraph/essay explains a cause and effect relationship. A cause explains what made an event happen.  An effect is what happens as a result of the event.  

 

Cause: 

 

Ø       The causes of teen suicide

Ø       The causes of teen violence

Ø       The causes of high school dropouts

 

Effect:

 

Ø       The effects of divorce on children

Ø       The effects of regular exercise

Ø       The effects of overeating

Ø       The effects of substance abuse on the body

Ø       The effects of absenteeism in school

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Illustration: An illustration paragraph/essay is developed through the use of examples.  That is, it provides instances of the controlling idea a writer is attempting to clarify.

 

Illustrate:

Ø       People I Have Admired

Ø       The World’s Worst Habits

Ø       What Makes a Class Exciting

Ø       What Makes a Good Husband/Wife

Ø       Features to Look for When Buying a _________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition:  A definition paragraph/essay uses any number of patterns of development to explain the meaning of a word.  It usually develops the connotative idea rather than the denotative definition.

 

Ø       Dance

Ø       Art

Ø       Love

Ø       Passion

Ø       Friendship

Ø       A good marriage

Ø       Education

Ø      Intelligence

 

 

 

 

 

Division/Classification: A division/classification paragraph/essay divides a readily understood item into equal categories and then classifies each of those categories by its distinctive traits. 

 

Divide and classify:

Ø       Pens

Ø       Teachers

Ø       Snack foods

Ø       Neighborhoods

Ø       Soft drinks

Ø       Parents

Ø       Governments

Ø       Dogs

Ø       Careers

Ø       Parties

Ø       Summer jobs

Ø       Movies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Argumentation/Persuasion: An argumentative paragraph/essay attempts to educate a reader on a controversial issue usually with the intent of persuading that reader to view the issue from the writer’s point of view and often ending with a call to action, requesting the reader to make or initiate a change.

 

Ø       Cigarette ads should not target young people.

Ø       People should not go overboard when dieting.

Ø       Wealthy people receive special privileges in our society.

Ø       Advertisements should not use skinny models.

Ø       Public school children should/should not wear uniforms.

Ø       Pornography is too accessible on the Internet.

Ø       Americans are a fix-it-with-a-pill society.